Human Arm Sketches
(Labels to be updated)
Comparison between the Muscles in the Human Arm
and their counterparts in the Human Leg, Inverse Side
(Right Arm to Left Leg) *Labels may not be 100% Accurate
Illustrative Experiment 1.
In my observations of the human anatomy, I've found significant similarities between the structure of the Human Arm and Leg, since they have similar functions.
I have observed some similarity between the Pectoralis Muscles and the Gluteus Muscles because they have similarities in function. With the Pectoralis being on the front of the body and the Gluteus being in the rear, I have decided to compare the Right Arm with the Left Leg instead of the Right Leg.
As per the lower extremeties of the Arm and Leg, I have found obvious similarities in muscles, although comparing them on inverse sides have proved inccurate,
Comparison of the Muscles in the Human Arm
and their counterparts in the Human Leg, Direct Side
and their counterparts in the Human Leg, Direct Side
(Right Arm to Right Leg) *Labels may not be 100% Accurate
Illustrative Experiment 2.
In my second observation, I have found some similarities between the Pectoralis (Chest) Muscles and the Aductor (Groin) Muscles,
In my second observation, I have found some similarities between the Pectoralis (Chest) Muscles and the Aductor (Groin) Muscles,
also between the Gluteus (Butt) Muscles and the Trapezius (Upper Back and Shoulder) Muscles. Theoretically, they have similarities in function which is moving the upper limb muscles.
I have proven the obvious similarities in the lower extremeties of the limbs in the Arms and Legs more accurate when compared with their direct-side counterparts. (Right Side to Right Side)
Having performed both Illustrative Experiments 1 and 2, I have concluded that the significant difference between the general structure of the upper and lower body muscles is the joint function. The upper body parts of the upper body limbs have more points of articulation because they have more joints (Shoulders, Clavicles) than the upper parts of the lower body.
From both experiments, I have speculated a third theory: That the Deltoid Muscle, could be a counterpart of the Vastus Lateralis, both labeled L. This theory has prompted me to perform a Third Experiment, in which I would further study the upper parts of the limbs in the upper and lower body.
Comparison between Muscles in the Chest and Upper Arm and their Counterparts in the Groin and Thigh,
Right Side
Illustrative Experiment no. 3.
To further inspect the previous theory, the similarities between the Pectoralis muscles and Adductor muscles, I have subtracted (in illustration) the muscles surrounding the groin, C and D, and then E and F, having left only the main groin mucles, the Adductor muscles.
Upon further inspection, I have observed more similarities between the Pectoralis and Adductor muscles such as:
(a) the Pectoralis muscles are attached to, (and are responsible for movement of) the Humerus, which is (or, 'would be') the counterpart of the Femur, on which the Adductor muscles are attached (and of which are also responsible for movement).
(b) The function of the Pectoralis muscles is supported by another muscle, Deltoid muscles; The function of the Adductor muscles is supported by another muscle, Gluteus muscles; (G)
I have also observed one significant dissimilarity which is the Fanning of the muscles:
(c.1) The Pectoralis muscles appear to be anchored to the Humerus and then fans out to the Clavicle and Sternum/Upper Ribs;
(c.2) The Adductor muscles appear to be anchored to the Pelvic bones.(probably the Pubis) and then fans out to the Femur.
The differences are most probably a result of the joint mechanics of the Upper Arm and the Thigh; The Upper Arm having multiple joint functions; and separate from their opposite-side counterpart (Scapula) as opposed to both Thighs being attached to a single-mass Bone (Pelvis)
Illustration of Feline Upper Body Muscles,
Using Panthera Leo (Lion)
Upon observing the motion and structure of some Mammalian Quadrapeds, I have found many significant, even obvious similarities with the Human Anatomy, and therefore have decided to study their muscle framework, starting with the upper body limbs. I have decided to use Panthera Leo or the Lion because the bulk in its muscles and proportion of its limbs are closer to Human Anatomy than other mammalian quadrapeds.
Comparison between Human and Feline Upper Body Muscles,
using Panthera Leo (Lion)
After having studied the upper body muscles of the Panthera Leo, I have decided to compare them to the upper body muscles in the Human Anatomy.
Pending: Comparison of the Human and Lion Upper Body in Front view.
Comparison between Human Arm and Flying Fox Arm/Wing
Upon the observation of the body structure of flying Mammals, I have decided to compare the wings of a Flying Foxwith the Human Arm.
Illustration of Basic Equine Upper Body Muscles,
Using Equus Ferus Caballus (Domestic Horse)
Using Equus Ferus Caballus (Domestic Horse)
Comparison between Human and Equine Upper Body Muscles,
using Equus Ferus Caballus (Domestic Horse)
using Equus Ferus Caballus (Domestic Horse)
After having studied the upper body muscles of Equus Ferus Baballus, I have decided to compare them to the upper body muscles in the Human Anatomy.
The most significant difference would be the number of Digits in the extremities of the limbs; with the Human having five (5) Metacarpals and five (5) sets of Phalanges (Proximal, Middle and Distal Phalanx) and the Horse having only one (1) Metacarpal and one (1) set of Phalanges.
*The differences or similarities between the Human and Equine Neck muscles (and of other vertebrates) are left to be further inspected
Comparison between Leg Bones of Human and those of Quadrapeds/ "Terrestrial Animals," accdg. to Locomotion
Using the Leg bones of the (1)Human, (2) Common Rat, (3) Lion, and (4)Domestic Horse;
*Illustrations of the aforementioned examples are NOT in actual proportion to each other*
An Illustration of the Three (3) distinct categories of the manner of primary locomotion, (i.e. walking), namely:
1. Plantigrade, in which the active pedal parts in the creature's manner of locomotion is the entire foot, consisting of the Heel, Metatarsals, and (though not primaily) Phalanges.
2. Digitigrade, in which the active pedal parts in the creature's manner of locomotion are the "Digits", or Phalanges.
3. Unguligrade, in which the active pedal parts in the creature's manner of locomotion are Hooves, which are the creature's nails, or tip of the digits, the Distal Phalanx.
In this illustrative exercise did I find the (Hind) Legs of these animals consistent in terms of general structure. The difference being the proportion of each part of the Leg within itself. (to be further inspected)
*DICLAIMER: Labels of the illistraions in this album may not be 100% Accurate.
